just guessing, don’t run any installer from the web but download to e.g. the local Windows desktop and launch the setup routine from there.
Download and install the Microsoft Visual C++ 2015 Redistributable required by SU 2017 too.
If everything fails open the SU setup file with a ZIP archiver application, rip off the main SU setup file “SketchUp2017-x64.msi” to a local directory (see above) and launch.
If you don’t have a ZIP archiver or don’t wanna download anything you can also rename the setup file from e.g. “SketchUpMake-en-x64.exe” to “SketchUpMake-en-x64.exe.zip” and open with the Windows Explorer (read only). Don’t run from there again but copy to a local directory before.