Firstly, the ideal solution is to upgrade to desktops with dedicated GPU’s.
Your laptop does not have a dedicated GPU so that adds to the challenges.
The Win 10 Intel GPU driver apparently is not completely compatible with SketchUp.
Also, your docking station may have incompatible hardware.
Second option may be to upgrade your docking stations or at least look for any updates with firmware or drivers. Make sure your laptop bios is up to date.
I have seen this too with older Lenovo docking stations and older Lenovo W-series notebooks - they don’t support OpenGL through the dock. Trying a more modern port replicator might help. Today I have a HP laptop and a HP port replicator that doesn’t have this problem (it also supports my 4K monitor - older models have resolution limitations too). It is a bit hit and miss with these - I haven’t seen OpenGL mentioned in the documentation.
As Sketchup can run on the laptop when it is not connected to the port replicator it has nothing to do with the onboard graphics card not being able to handle Sketchup. It runs fine without the port replicator.
I can also run Sketchup when connected to the port replicator but with the monitor connected directly to the laptop.
Have tried this with the Lenovo usb 3.0 universal dock and a HP usb-c universal dock with the same result.
Just tried to remove the usb docking cable. Startet Sketchup and then put the docking cable back in and Sketchup is running fine now over the port replicator.
There should be some fix to this issue with the startup check in Sketchup so you could disable the OpenGL check as this is clearly not necessary for Sketchup to run.
It is necessary. From version 2017 on SketchUp requires a graphics card with full OpenGL hardware support. In earlier versions you could switch to software OpenGL rendering by turning hardware accleration off.
This indicates to me that docking your laptop to your current docking stations or port replicators tries to switch your Nvidia graphics off, for some weird reasons. Another thing that I saw with older Lenovo docks was that connecting your laptop could switch your display to using 16-bit colour instead of the full colour required by SketchUp.