I hit this today as well. In my case the system already had Microsoft Visual C++ 2019 installed, and SketchUp’s attempt to install Microsoft Visual C++ 2015-2019 seemed to clash with that.
I got around the problem by going to the Add & Remove Programs control panel, and looking for what C++ libraries were installed. It showed two 2019 installs, so I uninstalled one of those, and then did Modify, Repair, on the other one. It reinstalled the libraries ok, and after that the SketchUp installer went well.
Neverminded … I managed to solve the problem with trail and error which included deleting any references to the 2019 C++ redistributable in the registry editor.
Just for interest, you went to the old style control panel, and if I do that on my PC I see 46 apps listed. If I go to the area that I meant, where you type ‘add’ into the Windows 10 search box, that takes you to this control panel:
Although it ought to be the same function, I see 88 apps listed there. In my case I saw the C++ libraries in both the old control panel and the newer Windows 10 Apps & Features list, but maybe for you the C++ ones would have shown up in the longer list.
I had a very similar problem, tried all solutions here with no success. It turned out that I had Spanish as one of the installation languages, called something_es.msi, and the installation failed there with a similar message to yours, that file was the problem, I removed Spanish from the installation process and it worked