As a Pro user, you can get direct technical support…
The support program Checkup was released with SU17. It checks if your computer can run SU17. Did you try it?
As some changes to the registry is done, you must r-click on SU installer and choose Run as administrator. 2017 not launching has supportive links on updating graphic drivers, as SU17 requires such drivers to support OpenGL 3.0. Also some MS component need to be updated. Usually the installer will detect and install missing components, but if that doesn’t happen, you can install those components separately from Microsoft Update.