Renderer plugins have “dome light” features that you can add your spherical panorama as image and it appears in renders. Check this for Vray: V-Ray Dome Light | LightDome.
I’m not sure if there is a good way of doing this with native tools that SketchUp provides. Closest one i’ve seen is jimhami42’s cylinder method here: Panoramic backgrounds for SketchUp models - #3 by DanRathbun