SketchUp Make 2017 stopped working. Crashes on start-up

Yes the log file looks ok, except for some of the system info is missing or blank.

How about getting Checkup and creating a full sulog file (which is actually a zip archive, with a larger log and a MS System Info .nfo file in it.)
http://help.sketchup.com/en/sucheck

You could look for any SketchUp specific Windows Error Reports.
See this other post by me in another thread:

NOTE: On Win10 the Windows Error Reports are now in the %ProgramData% path.


Last resort, would be to roll everything back to a restore point before you did the HP updates.