I have seemingly the same issue with SketchUp Pro 2017 and 2018 on one of my laptops. Seems to export with no problems from another, far more basic, laptop that I have SU2018 installed on. I’ve detailed the problem and steps in the link below and have had quite a few spaced out responses from the SketchUp Pro support team, though no information of value or resolution progress yet.
Even just opening layout, drawing a single line (ie. no links to SketchUp models) and I get the ambiguous “There was a problem exporting to this file” error.
Layout 2018 can’t export PDF error “There was a problem exporting to this file”